We know 1 John originated in a written form because the verb “I/we write [γράφω] these things” occurs more than a dozen times in reference to the letter (e.g., 1 John 1:4; 2:1; 5:13). Yet this document does not have the form of personal correspondence since it lacks an address and salutation and a letter closing. Because of this, there was once an attempt to call such a writing an “epistle” in distinction from a letter, but scholars have largely abandoned
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